![]() ![]() In September 1939, the invasion of Poland by Germany and the Soviet Union marked the beginning of World War II, which resulted in the Holocaust and millions of Polish casualties. Poland regained its independence in 1918 as the Second Polish Republic and successfully defended it in the Polish–Soviet War from 1919 to 1921. With the passing of the prosperous Polish Golden Age, the country was partitioned by neighbouring states at the end of the 18th century. At the time, the Commonwealth was one of the great powers of Europe, with a uniquely liberal political system which on adopted Europe's first modern constitution. The Kingdom of Poland emerged in 1025, and in 1569 cemented its long-standing association with Lithuania, thus forming the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. The establishment of statehood in 966 coincided with the conversion of a pagan ruler of the Polans to Christianity under the auspices of the Roman Church. Culturally diverse throughout late antiquity, in the early medieval period the region became inhabited by tribal Polans who gave Poland its name. ![]() Prehistoric human activity on Polish soil dates to c. It also shares maritime boundaries with Denmark and Sweden. The country is bordered by Lithuania and Russia to the northeast, Belarus and Ukraine to the east, Slovakia and the Czech Republic to the south, and Germany to the west. The longest Polish river is the Vistula, and Poland's highest point is Mount Rysy, situated in the Tatra mountain range of the Carpathians. Poland has a temperate transitional climate, and its territory traverses the Central European Plain, extending from the Baltic Sea in the north to the Sudetes and Carpathian Mountains in the south. Other major cities include Kraków, Wrocław, Łódź, Poznań, Gdańsk, and Szczecin. Warsaw is the nation's capital and largest metropolis. Poland has a population of over 38 million and is the fifth most populous member state of the European Union. It is divided into 16 administrative provinces called voivodeships, covering an area of 312,700 km 2 (120,700 sq mi). Poland ( Polish: Polska ⓘ), officially the Republic of Poland, is a country in Central Europe. ![]()
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